How To Change Fuses Chevy Traverse 2011
The GM Ecotec engine, as well known past its codename L850, is a family of all-aluminium inline-four engines, displacing between 1.four and ii.five litres. While these engines were based on the GM Family II engine, the architecture was substantially re-engineered for the new Ecotec awarding produced since 2000. This engine family replaced the GM Family Ii engine, the GM 122 engine, the Saab H engine, and the Quad 4 engine. It is manufactured in multiple locations, to include Spring Colina Manufacturing, in Spring Hill, Tennessee while the engine block and cylinder heads are bandage at Saginaw Metal Casting Operations in Saginaw, Michigan.
Generation I [edit]
Generation I | |
---|---|
Overview | |
Product | 1999–2012 |
Layout | |
Displacement |
|
Cylinder bore | 86 mm (3.4 in) |
Piston stroke |
|
Pinch ratio |
|
Combustion | |
Fuel organisation |
|
Fuel blazon |
|
Dimensions | |
Length | 665 mm (26.ii in) |
Width | 642 mm (25.3 in) |
Elevation | 655 mm (25.viii in) |
Dry weight | 139–150 kg (306–331 lb)[1] |
The 'Ecotec' name was adopted in 1994 for the new generation of Family Ii engines (2000 in Due north America) . The name was already used for the Opel GM Family 2 engine, Family 1 and Family 0 ranges. GM intended this new Ecotec to get its global four-cylinder, and it has already fully replaced their OHV I4 line.
The Ecotec engine is a DOHC 4-valve design with a lost foam bandage aluminum block and caput (L850 for 86 mm bore applications, and L880 for 88 mm bore[ citation needed ]), designed for displacements from ane.viii to two.4 Fifty. Development began in 1994, past an international team of engineers and technicians from Opel'south International Technical Evolution Center in Rüsselsheim, Federal republic of germany, GM Powertrain in Pontiac, Michigan, and Saab in Södertälje, Sweden.[2] Much of the development piece of work on this project was carried out by Lotus Engineering, Hethel, U.k.. The engine uses aluminium pistons and cast atomic number 26 cylinder liners. Vibration is reduced with twin remainder shafts.
The get-go engine in the Ecotec Gen I line-upwardly was Ecotec 2.ii L61, introduced in May 1999.
The electric current Ecotec line is manufactured in Tonawanda, New York,.[2]
2.0 [edit]
LK9 [edit]
This engine is as well known as B207 when used by Saab and Z20NET by Opel for utilise in the Vectra C and Signum.
LK9 is a turbocharged 2.0 L (1,998 cc) version of the L850 (86 mm bore) series Ecotec utilizing an all-new reinforced sand cast aluminum cylinder head and upgraded internal components. The engine features a 5-bearing forged steel crankshaft, strengthened connecting rods, redesigned pistons, piston oil cooling jets, reprofiled camshafts and an integrated oil cooler.[3] The exhaust valves are liquid sodium-cooled. All vehicles using this engine characteristic Saab's Trionic viii (T8) engine management system as well as a revised valve railroad train. The timing chain and timing gears are besides new, along with Saab's Straight Ignition arrangement. The reinforcements, turbocharging, intercooling, internals, dual overhead camshaft, and such were adult by GM Powertrain Sweden (Saab Automobile Powertrain). Information technology features an 86 mm (3.four in) bore and stroke and a 9.v:1 pinch ratio. Maximum power is 210 hp (160 kW) at 5300 rpm and 221 ft⋅lb (300 N⋅m) of torque at 2500 rpm. Maximum boost is 12.3 psi (0.85 bar).
- 2003–2014 Saab 9-iii - B207E, B207L, B207R
- 2003–2008 Opel Vectra - Z20NET (rebadged B207L)
- 2003–2008 Opel Signum - Z20NET (rebadged B207L)
- 2006–2010 Cadillac BLS - B207L, B207R
Model | Years | Power | Torque | Turbocharger | Heave Pressure |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.8t (B207E) | 2003–2006 | 148 hp (110 kW) @ 5500 rpm | 177 ft⋅lb (240 N⋅m) @ 2000–3500 rpm |
| 7.3 psi (0.l bar) |
one.8t (B207E) | 2006–2012 | 148 hp (110 kW) @ 5500 rpm | 177 ft⋅lb (240 N⋅one thousand) @ 2000–3500 rpm |
| 7.three psi (0.50 bar) |
2.0t (B207L) | 2003–2006 | 173 hp (129 kW) @ 5500 rpm | 195 ft⋅lb (265 Northward⋅m) @ 2500–4000 rpm |
| viii.7 psi (0.threescore bar) |
two.0t (B207L) | 2006–2012 | 173 hp (129 kW) @ 5500 rpm | 195 ft⋅lb (265 N⋅k) @ 2500–4000 rpm |
| viii.vii psi (0.60 bar) |
2.0T (B207R) | 2003–2014 | 207 hp (154.five kW) @ 5300 rpm | 221 ft⋅lb (300 N⋅m) @ 2500–4000 rpm |
| 12.3 psi (0.85 bar) |
LSJ [edit]
The LSJ is a supercharged version of the LK9 Ecotec 2.0 Fifty (1,998 cc) with an Eaton M62 Roots-blazon supercharger and air-to-liquid intercooler. The LSJ shares many of its components with the LK9 such as: piston cooling jets, oil cooler, pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft, oil pan, sodium-filled exhaust valves and cylinder head.[4] It is rated at 205 hp (153 kW) at 5600 rpm and 200 ft⋅lb (271 N⋅m) at 4400 rpm with a compression ratio of 9.5:1 and a 6450 rpm redline. With the end of the Chevy Cobalt Southward/C SS and Saturn Ion Red Line, the LSJ was discontinued after 2007. In late 2005 Brammo Motorsports struck a deal with GM for the Supercharged 2.0 Fifty Ecotec for their Ariel Atom. The engine came in various ratings from 205 hp (153 kW) to 300 hp (224 kW).
The LSJ was on the Ward'southward 10 All-time Engines listing for 2006.
This engine is used in:
Year(south) | Model | Power | Torque | Dyno chart |
---|---|---|---|---|
2004–2007 | Saturn Ion Red Line | 205 hp (153 kW) @ 5600 rpm | 200 ft⋅lb (271 N⋅m) @ 4400 rpm | link |
2005–2007 | Chevrolet Cobalt SS Supercharged Coupe | 205 hp (153 kW) @ 5600 rpm | 200 ft⋅lb (271 Northward⋅m) @ 4400 rpm | link |
two.ii [edit]
L61 [edit]
This engine is also known equally a Z22SE in other countries such as the United Kingdom, Commonwealth of australia, and Europe.
The basic Family II architecture was substantially re-engineered in 2000 to become the Ecotec Gen I. Unlike its notably harsh predecessor, the engine was designed for smoothness. Dual in-block residual shafts were integral to the design, the power-steering pump was mounted directly to the cylinder caput and driven by the intake camshaft, the water-pump housing was bandage into the block, and the A/C compressor and alternator were mounted direct on the cake without brackets. The oil filter housing was cast into the cake with a removable cover and replaceable paper element. Information technology did non use an EGR valve. The Ecotec line is manufactured in Tonawanda, New York and Kaiserslautern, Germany, and was also manufactured for Saturn in Leap Hill, Tennessee until Saturn'south discontinuation. In North America this engine replaced both the Quad-4 and the GM 122 engines and first appeared in the 2000 Saturn L-Series.[2]
The L61 is a 2.2 L (2,198 cc) version with a lost-cream bandage aluminum cylinder head and cake; it features an 86 mm (3.4 in) diameter and 94.vi mm (3.72 in) stroke [2] and either a 9.5:one compression ratio or a x.0:ane. The engine is 665 mm (26.2 in) in length, 642 mm (25.3 in) in width, 655 mm (25.8 in) in acme and approximately 139 kg (306 lb).[2]
The Ecotec 2.ii, model L61 showtime appeared in the 2000 Saturn LS1; the L61-powered Saturn Ion too replaced the Saturn-powered Saturn S-Serial.
In that location are a few variations to the standard L61. The 2003 Saturn L-Series has a high output version with college (ten:1) compression and more aggressive camshaft. The 2004–2008 Chevrolet Malibu uses a version with electronic throttle control and a special unitized frazzle manifold and catalytic converter. The Malibu and Saturn versions besides utilize return-less fuel injection. The 2002 Saturn VUE was the first Due north American variant of the L61 to be equipped with electronic throttle control, whereas other applications did not arise until 2005 in the Saturn ION and Chevrolet Cobalt. For 2007, introduced an updated version of the L61 based on the Gen II design.
The supercharger and inlet manifold from the 2.0 Ecotec LSJ engine can be purchased as an official kit from GM and forth with modified software in the ECM, can create a 2.two supercharged version of this engine.
The L61 was used in the following cars:
Year(south) | Model | Power | Torque | Pinch ratio | Dyno chart |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2002 | Chevrolet Cavalier | 140 hp (104 kW) @ 5600 rpm | 150 ft⋅lb (203 Due north⋅thousand) @ 4400 rpm | 10.0:i | |
2003–2005 | 150 ft⋅lb (203 N⋅m) @ 4000 rpm | link | |||
2005–2006 | Chevrolet Cobalt | 145 hp (108 kW) @ 5600 rpm | 155 ft⋅lb (210 N⋅g) @ 4000 rpm | 10.0:i | link |
2006 | Chevrolet HHR | 143 hp (107 kW) @ 5600 rpm | 150 ft⋅lb (203 N⋅one thousand) @ 4000 rpm | 10.0:i | |
2004 | Chevrolet Malibu | 145 hp (108 kW) @ 5600 rpm | 155 ft⋅lb (210 N⋅m) @ 4000 rpm | ten.0:one | |
2005–2006 | 144 hp (107 kW) @ 5600 rpm | link | |||
2002–2004 | Oldsmobile Alero | 140 hp (104 kW) @ 5600 rpm | 150 ft⋅lb (203 N⋅m) @ 4000 rpm | 10.0:1 | |
2002 | Pontiac Grand Am | 140 hp (104 kW) @ 5600 rpm | 150 ft⋅lb (203 Northward⋅yard) @ 4400 rpm | ten.0:1 | |
2003–2005 | 150 ft⋅lb (203 N⋅m) @ 4000 rpm | link | |||
2002 | Pontiac Sunfire | 140 hp (104 kW) @ 5600 rpm | 150 ft⋅lb (203 North⋅m) @ 4400 rpm | ten.0:1 | |
2003–2005 | 150 ft⋅lb (203 N⋅m) @ 4000 rpm | link | |||
2005–2006 | Pontiac Pursuit/G5 | 145 hp (108 kW) @ 5600 rpm | 155 ft⋅lb (210 N⋅k) @ 4000 rpm | 10.0:1 | |
2000 | Saturn L-Serial | 137 hp (102 kW) @ 5800 rpm | 135 ft⋅lb (183 N⋅chiliad) @ 4400 rpm | ix.5:one | |
2001–2003 | 135 hp (101 kW) @ 5200 rpm | 142 ft⋅lb (193 N⋅1000) @ 4400 rpm | |||
2004 | 140 hp (104 kW) @ 5600 rpm | 150 ft⋅lb (203 N⋅m) @ 4000 rpm | |||
2003–2006 | Saturn Ion | 140 hp (104 kW) @ 5800 rpm | 145 ft⋅lb (197 Due north⋅thousand) @ 4400 rpm | 10.0:i | link |
2002–2005 | Saturn Vue | 143 hp (107 kW) @ 5400 rpm | 152 ft⋅lb (206 N⋅m) @ 4000 rpm | x.0:1 | link |
2006 | 143 hp (107 kW) @ 5600 rpm | ||||
2007 | 144 hp (107 kW) @ 5600 rpm | ||||
2001–2005 | Opel Speedster / Vauxhall VX220[two] | 147 hp (110 kW) @ 5800 rpm | 150 ft⋅lb (203 N⋅m) @ 4000 rpm | ||
2000–2003 | Opel / Vauxhall Astra[2] | 147 hp (110 kW) @ 5800 rpm | 150 ft⋅lb (203 Due north⋅m) @ 4000 rpm | ||
2001–2002 | Opel / Vauxhall Vectra[2] | 147 hp (110 kW) @ 5800 rpm | 150 ft⋅lb (203 N⋅m) @ 4000 rpm | ||
2000–2003 | Opel / Vauxhall Zafira[2] | 147 hp (110 kW) @ 5800 rpm | 150 ft⋅lb (203 Northward⋅m) @ 4000 rpm | ||
2001–2006 | Holden Astra (TS) | 147 hp (110 kW) @ 5800 rpm | 150 ft⋅lb (203 N⋅thou) @ 4000 rpm |
This engine besides powered the Japanese-marketplace Subaru Traviq, a badge-engineered Opel Zafira A.[v]
Following the GM-Fiat agreement, the two.2 L engine is also used in
- Fiat Croma unmodified
- Alfa Romeo 159 heavy modified with Gasoline direct injection
Z22YH [edit]
A direct injection version of the 2.2 Fifty (2,198 cc) Ecotec features 153 hp (114 kW) of power at 5600 rpm and 162 lb⋅ft (220 N⋅grand) of torque at 3800 rpm with a compression ratio of 12.0:i, and has been available in:
- 2003 Opel/Vauxhall Vectra
- 2003 Opel/Vauxhall Signum
- 2005 Opel/Vauxhall Zafira
- 2006–2009 Holden Astra (Australia and New Zealand only)
L42 [edit]
The Ecotec two.2, model L42 is the CNG version of the Ecotec two.two. It delivers 129 hp (96 kW) and 129 ft⋅lb (175 N⋅chiliad). Applications:
- 2003–2004 Chevrolet Cavalier
Generation II [edit]
Generation Ii | |
---|---|
Overview | |
Product | 2006–present |
Layout | |
Displacement |
|
Cylinder bore |
|
Piston stroke |
|
Pinch ratio |
|
Combustion | |
Fuel system |
|
Fuel type |
|
2.0 LNF (Z20NHH Opel) [edit]
A turbocharged direct injected (redubbed Spark Ignition Straight Injection) Ecotec was introduced in the 2007 Pontiac Solstice GXP and Saturn Heaven Red Line. In these applications, the engine is mounted longitudinally. Displacement is two.0 Fifty (ane,998 cc) with a square 86 mm (3.4 in) bore and stroke. Compression is 9.two:i and maximum boost is 20 psi (1.four bar), delivering 260 hp (190 kW) at 5300 rpm and 260 ft⋅lb (350 Northward⋅g) of torque from 2500 to 5250 rpm. Engine redline is at 6300 rpm and premium fuel is recommended. The sodium filled exhaust valves were based on engineering developed for the Corvette V8 powertrains. The sodium fuses and becomes a liquid at idle, which improves electrical conductivity and draws estrus away from the valve face and valve guide towards the stem to be cooled by the engine oil circulating in this area. The camshaft-driven directly injection systems pressurizes the fuel to 450 psi (31 bar) at idle, and upwardly to two,250 psi (155 bar) at wide-open throttle. The "Gen Ii" block is like to the ii.4 L and also features VVT engineering science. The Gen II block was developed using data from racing programs and computer simulations. The bore walls and bulkheads were strengthened with a weight increment of ii.5 lb (1.1 kg). The coolant jackets were expanded to improve heat transfer, resulting in a coolant chapters increase of 0.5 liters.
In December 2008, GM released a Turbo Upgrade Kit for the LNF engine which increases horsepower to 290 hp (220 kW) and torque to up to 340 ft⋅lb (460 N⋅m), depending on the model. The kit retailed for $650 and includes remapped engine calibration and upgraded three MAP sensors. The kit is covered by the cars' existing GM warranties.[6] Heave force per unit area was increased from 18psi (ane.24 bar) to 21psi (one.44 bar).
Unique LNF features[seven] include:
- a twin-scroll turbocharger
- cam-driven high-pressure gasoline direct injection fuel system
- dual camshaft continuously variable valve timing
- sodium-filled stainless steel Inconel frazzle valves
- low-friction cast aluminum pistons with oil squirters
- forged steel crankshaft
- forged steel connecting rods
- bandage stainless steel frazzle manifold
- foam cast gen2 block
- bosch injectors 0 261 500 055 or slightly larger 0 261 500 089 injectors in 2010 models
This engine is used in:
Year(s) | Model | Power | Torque |
---|---|---|---|
2007–2010 | Opel GT | 260 hp (194 kW) @ 5300 rpm | 260 ft⋅lb (353 N⋅m) @ 2000 rpm |
2007–2010 | Pontiac Solstice GXP | 260 hp (194 kW) @ 5300 rpm | 260 ft⋅lb (353 N⋅m) @ 2000 rpm |
2007–2010 | Saturn Sky Red Line | 260 hp (194 kW) @ 5300 rpm | 260 ft⋅lb (353 N⋅m) @ 2000 rpm |
2008–2010 | Chevrolet HHR SS | 260 hp (194 kW) @ 5300 rpm | 260 ft⋅lb (353 N⋅yard) @ 2000 rpm |
2008–2010 | Chevrolet Cobalt SS | 260 hp (194 kW) @ 5300 rpm | 260 ft⋅lb (353 Due north⋅one thousand) @ 2000 rpm |
2009 | Elfin T5 | 264 hp (197 kW) @ 5300 rpm | 259 ft⋅lb (351 Due north⋅m) @ 2000 rpm |
2012 | Fisker Karma | 260 hp (194 kW) @ 5300 rpm | 260 ft⋅lb (353 Due north⋅m) @ 2000 rpm |
2.0 LDK (A20NHT Opel) [edit]
An updated variant of the LNF (also with ix.ii:1 compression ratio) was released in 2008, coming together the Euro 5 emission standard. This engine is also known equally A20NHT by GM Powertrain Europe.
Unique LDK features include:
- a twin-scroll turbocharger
- cam-driven loftier-pressure gasoline directly injection fuel arrangement
- dual camshaft continuously variable valve timing
- sodium-filled stainless steel Inconel exhaust valves
- low-friction cast aluminum pistons with oil squirters
- forged steel crankshaft
- cast stainless steel frazzle manifold
- foam cast gen2 block
- bosch injectors 0 261 500 055
This engine is used in:
Year(due south) | Model | Power | Torque |
---|---|---|---|
2009–2017 | Opel Insignia / Vauxhall Insignia | 217 hp (162 kW) @ 5300 rpm | 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @ 2500 rpm |
2009–2010 | Buick Regal Turbo | 217 hp (162 kW) @ 5300 rpm | 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @ 2500 rpm |
2010–2013 | Buick Regal GS (China Market) | 217 hp (162 kW) @ 5300 rpm | 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @ 2500 rpm |
2009–2010 | Buick Royal Turbo (Hirsch Performance) | 257 hp (192 kW) @ 5400 rpm | 295 ft⋅lb (400 N⋅m) @ 3000–4000 rpm |
2010–2013 | Buick Regal GS (Hirsch Performance) | 257 hp (192 kW) @ 5400 rpm | 295 ft⋅lb (400 N⋅m) @ 3000–4000 rpm |
2010–2012 | Saab 9-v | 217 hp (162 kW) @ 5300 rpm | 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅grand) @ 2500 rpm |
2011, 2013– | Saab 9-3 (NEVS) | 217 hp (162 kW) @ 5300 rpm | 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅k) @ 2500 rpm |
2011–2013 | Cadillac SLS (Communist china) | 259 hp (193 kW) @ 5300 rpm | 266 ft⋅lb (360 N⋅grand) @ 2000–5000 rpm |
2011–2017 | Opel Insignia / Vauxhall Insignia 4x4 | 247 hp (184 kW) @ 5300 rpm | 295 ft⋅lb (400 Due north⋅thousand) @ 2400–3600 rpm |
2014–2017 | Buick Regal GS (People's republic of china Market) | 251 hp (187 kW) @ 5300 rpm | 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @ 2000–5000 rpm |
LHU (A20NFT Opel) [edit]
LHU adds E85 flex-fuel adequacy to the LDK. This engine is too known every bit A20NFT by GM Powertrain Europe. Maximum engine speed is listed at 6350 rpm.
Unique LHU features include:
- a twin-scroll turbocharger
- cam-driven loftier-pressure gasoline direct injection fuel system
- dual camshaft continuously variable valve timing
- sodium-filled stainless steel Inconel frazzle valves
- low-friction cast aluminum pistons with oil squirters
- forged steel crankshafts
- cast stainless steel frazzle manifold
- sand-bandage gen3 block
- larger bosch injectors 0 261 500 112 with ethanol safe seals due to flex fuel compatibility
Year(due south) | Model | Power | Torque | Dyno Chart |
---|---|---|---|---|
2011–2013 | Buick Majestic Turbo | 220 hp (164 kW) @ 5300 rpm | 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @ 2000 rpm | |
2011–2012 | Saab nine-5 Turbo4 | 220 hp (164 kW) @ 5300 rpm | 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @ 2000 rpm | |
2013–2016 | Buick Verano Turbo[8] | 250 hp (186 kW) @ 5300 rpm | 260 ft⋅lb (353 N⋅m) @ 2000 rpm | link |
2011–2013 | Buick Royal GS | 270 hp (201 kW)[9] | 295 ft⋅lb (400 North⋅m) @ 2400 rpm | |
2012–2017 | Opel Astra J OPC / Vauxhall Astra J VXR | 276 hp (206 kW) @ 5500 rpm | 295 ft⋅lb (400 Northward⋅yard) @ 2500–4500 rpm | |
2014–2017 | Buick Regal GS (Hirsch Performance) | 275 hp (205 kW) @ 5400 rpm | 302 ft⋅lb (410 N⋅m) @ 3000–4000 rpm | |
2017–present | Opel Astra M TCR | 345 hp (257 kW) @ 6300 rpm | 310 ft⋅lb (420 Due north⋅m) @ 2500–4600 rpm |
Note: The A20NFT engine in Opel Astra One thousand TCR machine had swapped the original direct fuel injection into multi-point fuel injection.
2.ii [edit]
L61 [edit]
In 2007, the L61 received a multitude of changes, that originated from the LE5. It switched to the higher-force Gen II block and received a revised cylinder caput (enlarged exhaust ports) and camshaft design (increased exhaust valve duration). The engine also switched from wasted spark ignition to individual coil-on-plug ignition; this forced the cam cover to exist redesigned. It was also switched to an E37 engine controller with new creepo and cam sensors (replacing timing sensor previously found in ignition cassette). These changes increment horsepower slightly and allow the engine to meet PZEV standards.[10] Compression ratio is x.0:1.
The L61 was used in the post-obit cars:
Year(due south) | Model | Ability | Torque |
---|---|---|---|
2007–2008 | Chevrolet Cobalt | 148 hp (110 kW) @ 5600 rpm | 152 ft⋅lb (206 N⋅m) @ 4200 rpm |
2007 | Chevrolet HHR | 149 hp (111 kW) @ 5600 rpm | 152 ft⋅lb (206 North⋅1000) @ 4000 rpm |
2008 | 152 ft⋅lb (206 N⋅m) @ 4200 rpm | ||
2007–2008 | Chevrolet Malibu | 145 hp (108 kW) @ 5600 rpm | 152 ft⋅lb (206 N⋅thousand) @ 4200 rpm |
2007–2008 | Pontiac Pursuit/G5 | 148 hp (110 kW) @ 5600 rpm | 152 ft⋅lb (206 North⋅m) @ 4200 rpm |
2007 | Saturn Ion | 145 hp (108 kW) @ 5600 rpm | 150 ft⋅lb (203 N⋅m) @ 4200 rpm |
LAP [edit]
The LAP is a ii.2 L (ii,198 cc) version of the Ecotec, based on the Gen II block with cylinder head improvements, new camshaft design, E37 engine control module, 58X crankshaft reluctor ring, dual variable valve timing, digital crank and cam sensors, individual coil-on-plug ignition, vented starter solenoid, new MAP sensor, new intake manifold seals, new oil filter element, a 32-bit computer, and improved emissions performance.
Diameter and stroke are 86 mm (3.4 in) and 94.6 mm (3.72 in), the same every bit the 2.2 L L61. Pinch ratio is ten.0:1. Major features that set up information technology apart from the 2.2 50 L61 are variable-valve-timing and other cylinder head improvements from the two.4 50 LE5.
Twelvemonth(s) | Model | Ability | Torque |
---|---|---|---|
2009–2010 | Chevrolet Cobalt | 155 hp (116 kW) @ 6100 rpm | 150 ft⋅lb (203 Due north⋅m) @ 4900 rpm |
2009 | Pontiac G5 | 155 hp (116 kW) @ 6100 rpm | 150 ft⋅lb (203 N⋅m) @ 4900 rpm |
LE8 [edit]
The LE8 is an E85 compatible 2.2 50 (2,198 cc) version of the LAP Ecotec.[11] Bore and stroke remain the aforementioned 86 mm (iii.4 in) and 94.half-dozen mm (iii.72 in). Compression ratio is 10.0:1 and the engine tin can run on both regular unleaded gasoline or E85.
Twelvemonth(s) | Model | Power | Torque |
---|---|---|---|
2009–2011 | Chevrolet HHR | 155 hp (116 kW) @ 6100 rpm (gasoline) | 150 ft⋅lb (203 Due north⋅m) @ 4800 rpm (gasoline) |
160 hp (119 kW) @ 6000 rpm (E85) | 158 ft⋅lb (214 North⋅m) @ 4600 rpm (E85) |
2.iv [edit]
LE5 [edit]
The LE5 is a larger 2.4 L (2,384 cc) version of the Ecotec. Both the 88 mm (3.five in) bore and 98 mm (3.9 in) stroke are larger, and Variable Valve Timing on the intake and exhaust better low-end torque. Pinch is 10.four:i. Power is 164–177 hp (123–132 kW) and torque is 159–170 lb·ft (215–230 North·m). The engine uses a reinforced "Gen Two" block. Connecting Rods are GKN Forged. C70 Powered Metal from July 2007 on.
Year(southward) | Model | Power | Torque |
---|---|---|---|
2006–2008 | Buick Lacrosse (China) | 168 hp (125 kW) @ 6400 rpm | 166 ft⋅lb (225 N⋅chiliad) @ 4800 rpm |
2006–2007 | Chevrolet Cobalt SS | 173 hp (129 kW) @ 6200 rpm | 163 ft⋅lb (221 N⋅m) @ 4800 rpm |
2008 | Chevrolet Cobalt Sport | 171 hp (128 kW) @ 6200 rpm | 167 ft⋅lb (226 Due north⋅m) @ 4800 rpm |
2006–2008 | Chevrolet HHR | 175 hp (130 kW) | 165 ft⋅lb (224 N⋅m) |
2006–2008 | Pontiac G5/Pursuit | 171 hp (128 kW) @ 5800 rpm | 167 ft⋅lb (226 N⋅m) @ 4500 rpm |
2006–2009 | Pontiac G6 | 169 hp (126 kW) @ 6300 rpm | 162 ft⋅lb (220 N⋅thousand) @ 4500 rpm |
2006–2009 | Pontiac Solstice | 173 hp (129 kW) @ 5800 rpm | 164 ft⋅lb (222 N⋅m) @ 4500 rpm |
2006–2009 | Saturn Sky | 177 hp (132 kW) @ 5800 rpm | 173 ft⋅lb (235 N⋅thou) @ 4800 rpm |
2006 | Saturn Ion | 170 hp (127 kW) @ 6200 rpm | 162 ft⋅lb (220 N⋅m) @ 4800 rpm |
2007 | Saturn Ion | 175 hp (130 kW) @ 6500 rpm | 164 ft⋅lb (222 North⋅thousand) @ 4800 rpm |
2008–2009 | Saturn Aura | 169 hp (126 kW) | 160 ft⋅lb (217 Northward⋅m) |
2008–2012 | Chevrolet Malibu | 169 hp (126 kW) | 160 ft⋅lb (217 N⋅m) |
2008–2009 | Saturn Vue | 169 hp (126 kW) @ 6200 rpm | 161 ft⋅lb (218 N⋅m) @ 5100 rpm |
The LE5 is also used in the following overseas models:
- 2006 GM Taiwan Buick LaCrosse
- 2006 Shanghai GM Buick LaCrosse
- Buick GL8
The LE5 or a close variant is also used in the Polaris Slingshot (announced July 27, 2014), coupled with a 5-speed manual manual and a terminal belt drive. The Slingshot is a three-wheeled side-by-side street vehicle, classed as a motorcycle.[12]
LAT [edit]
The LAT is the designation used for the two.4 L LE5 when used in GM's BAS mild hybrid vehicles.
Year(due south) | Model | Power | Torque |
---|---|---|---|
2007–2009 | Saturn Aura Dark-green Line Hybrid | 164 hp (122 kW) @ 6400 rpm | 159 ft⋅lb (216 N⋅grand) @ 5000 rpm |
2007 | Saturn Vue Green Line Hybrid | 170 hp (127 kW) @ 6600 rpm | 162 ft⋅lb (220 North⋅m) @ 4200 rpm |
2008 | Saturn Vue Light-green Line Hybrid | 172 hp (128 kW) @ 6500 rpm | 167 ft⋅lb (226 Northward⋅m) @ 4500 rpm |
2008-2009 | Buick Lacrosse hybrid(China only) | 164 hp (122 kW) @ 6400 rpm | 166 ft⋅lb (225 Due north⋅m) @ 4800 rpm |
2008–2009 | Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid | 164 hp (122 kW) @ 6400 rpm | 159 ft⋅lb (216 N⋅m) @ 5000 rpm |
LE9 [edit]
The LE9 is an E85 uniform version of the two.iv L (2,384 cc) LE5 Ecotec. Bore and stroke are 88 mm (3.five in) and 98 mm (3.nine in) and has a compression ratio of ten.iv:1, the same as the LE5.
Year(southward) | Model | Ability | Torque |
---|---|---|---|
2009–2011 | Chevrolet HHR | 172 hp (128 kW) @ 5800 rpm (gasoline) | 167 ft⋅lb (226 N⋅g) @ 4500 rpm (gasoline) |
176 hp (131 kW) @ 5800 rpm (E85) | 170 ft⋅lb (230 N⋅m) @ 5000 rpm (E85) | ||
2010–2012 | Chevrolet Malibu (fleet only) | 175 hp (130 kW) @ 5800 rpm (E85) | 170 ft⋅lb (230 N⋅m) @ 5000 rpm (E85) |
2014-2019 | Polaris Slingshot | 173 hp (129 kW) @ 6200 rpm | 166 ft⋅lb (225 N⋅chiliad) @ 4700 rpm |
LAF [edit]
The LAF is a direct injected ii.iv L. It uses technology based on GM'south other four-cylinder straight injection applications, but with unique features designed for its specific application. This includes an eleven.2:i compression ratio that helps build power, slightly dished pistons that increment combustion efficiency and injectors with an application-specific flow rate.[thirteen] [fourteen]
Year(southward) | Model | Ability | Torque |
---|---|---|---|
2010–2011 |
| 182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm (gasoline) | 172 ft⋅lb (233 N⋅m) @ 4900 rpm (gasoline) |
2010–2011 | Buick LaCrosse | 182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm | 172 ft⋅lb (233 N⋅chiliad) @ 4900 rpm |
2011 | Buick Regal | 182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm | 172 ft⋅lb (233 N⋅g) @ 4900 rpm |
2011–2014 | Chevrolet Orlando | 174 hp (130 kW) @ 6700 rpm | 171 ft⋅lb (232 N⋅m) @ 4900 rpm |
2011 | Chevrolet Captiva | 182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm | 172 ft⋅lb (233 N⋅m) @ 4900 rpm |
LEA [edit]
The LEA is an E85 compatible variant of the LAF. Bore, stroke, and pinch ratio all remain the same. Maximum engine speed is listed at 7000 rpm.
Year(s) | Model | Power | Torque | Dyno Nautical chart |
---|---|---|---|---|
2012–2013, 2015–2017 | Buick Regal | 182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm | 172 ft⋅lb (233 Northward⋅g) @ 4900 rpm | link |
2012–2017 | Buick Verano[15] | 180 hp (134 kW) @ 6700 rpm | 171 ft⋅lb (232 N⋅1000) @ 4900 rpm | link |
2012–2017 | Chevrolet Captiva Sport | 182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm | 172 ft⋅lb (233 Due north⋅m) @ 4900 rpm | link |
2012–2017 |
| 182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm | 172 ft⋅lb (233 N⋅m) @ 4900 rpm |
|
LUK [edit]
The LUK is like to the LAF, but adds the eAssist mild-hybrid system. Maximum engine speed is listed at 7000 rpm.
Twelvemonth(south) | Model | Power | Torque | Dyno Chart |
---|---|---|---|---|
2012–2016 | Buick LaCrosse | 182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm | 172 ft⋅lb (233 N⋅k) @ 4900 rpm | link |
2012–2017 | Buick Regal | 182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm | 172 ft⋅lb (233 Northward⋅1000) @ 4900 rpm | link |
2013–2014 | Chevrolet Malibu ECO | 182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm | 172 ft⋅lb (233 N⋅m) @ 4900 rpm | |
2014 | Chevrolet Impala | 182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm | 172 ft⋅lb (233 N⋅thousand) @ 4900 rpm | link |
Generation III [edit]
Generation III | |
---|---|
Overview | |
Production | 2013–present |
Layout | |
Deportation |
|
Cylinder bore |
|
Piston stroke |
|
Compression ratio |
|
Combustion | |
Fuel system | Spark Ignition Directly Injection (SIDI) |
Fuel type | Gasoline |
2.0 [edit]
LTG [edit]
A 2.0 L (ane,998 cc) turbocharged straight injection version of the gen III Ecotec was available in the 2013 Cadillac ATS and Chevrolet Malibu. This engine is too available in the Cadillac XTS and Cadillac XT5 in the Chinese market. Bore and stroke are both 86.0 mm (3.39 in), and compression is nine.5:1. The engine uses a twin-scroll turbocharger with electronically controlled wastegate/bypass valve, air-to-air intercooler, stainless steel dual-scroll (1–four, 2–three) exhaust manifold designed to withstand 980 °C (one,800 °F) turbine temperature, and a rotacast aluminum alloy (A356T6) cylinder caput with sodium-filled exhaust valves.[16] Maximum engine speed is listed at 7000 rpm.
Year(s) | Model | Power | Torque | Dyno Chart |
---|---|---|---|---|
2013–2014 | Cadillac ATS | 272 hp (203 kW) @ 5500 rpm | 260 ft⋅lb (353 N⋅m) @ 1700–5500 rpm | link |
2015–2019 | 295 ft⋅lb (400 Due north⋅thousand) @ 3000–4600 rpm | |||
2014–2016 | Cadillac ATS 25T (China) | 230 hp (172 kW) @ 5500 rpm | 260 ft⋅lb (353 N⋅thousand) @ 2000–4000 rpm | |
2014–2019 | Cadillac ATS 28T (China) | 279 hp (208 kW) @ 5500 rpm | 295 ft⋅lb (400 Due north⋅m) @ 2900–4600 rpm | |
2013 | Chevrolet Malibu | 259 hp (193 kW) @ 5300 rpm | 260 ft⋅lb (353 Northward⋅yard) @ 1700–5500 rpm | |
2014–2015 | 295 ft⋅lb (400 North⋅thou) @ 5200 rpm | link | ||
2016–nowadays | 250 hp (186 kW) @ 5300 rpm | 260 ft⋅lb (353 N⋅1000) @ 2000–5000 rpm | ||
2013–present | Opel Insignia | 247 hp (184 kW) @ 4500 rpm | 295 ft⋅lb (400 Due north⋅m) @ 2000–4500 rpm | |
2014–2017 | Buick Regal | 259 hp (193 kW) @ 5300 rpm |
|
|
2018–present | 250 hp (186 kW) @ 5400 rpm |
| ||
2014–present | Cadillac CTS | 268 hp (200 kW) @ 5600 rpm | 295 ft⋅lb (400 N⋅one thousand) @ 3000–4500 rpm | link |
2016–2018 | Buick Envision | 252 hp (188 kW) @ 5500 rpm | 260 ft⋅lb (353 N⋅m) @ 2000 rpm | |
2019–present | 295 ft⋅lb (400 N⋅thou) @ 2000 rpm | |||
2016–2018 | Cadillac CT6 | 265 hp (198 kW) @ 5500 rpm | 295 ft⋅lb (400 N⋅g) @ 3000–4000 rpm | |
2016–present | Chevrolet Camaro | 275 hp (205 kW) @ 5600 rpm | 295 ft⋅lb (400 Due north⋅thousand) @ 3000–4500 rpm | |
2017–present | Buick GL8 | 260 hp (194 kW) @ 5500 rpm | 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @ 2000-5000 rpm | |
2018–2020 | Chevrolet Equinox | 252 hp (188 kW) @ 5500 rpm | 260 ft⋅lb (353 Northward⋅m) @ 2500–4500 rpm | |
2018–2019 | Chevrolet Traverse RS | 257 hp (192 kW) @ 5500 rpm | 295 ft⋅lb (400 Northward⋅yard) @ 3000 rpm | |
2018–present | GMC Terrain | 252 hp (188 kW) @ 5500 rpm | 260 ft⋅lb (353 N⋅yard) @ 2500–4500 rpm | |
2018–2020 | Holden Commodore | 256 hp (191 kW) @ 5500 rpm | 258 ft⋅lb (350 Northward⋅1000) @ 3000–4000 rpm |
LSY [edit]
A successor to the LTG debuted in the 2019 Cadillac XT4 and the 2019 Cadillac CT6. The LSY adds Agile Fuel Direction and a start-stop system, putting more priority to fuel economy than functioning. Peak output is lower than the LTG, but is accomplished at lower rpm for both ability and torque. Bore is 83.0 mm (three.27 in), and stroke is 92.3 mm (3.63 in).[17]
Twelvemonth(s) | Model | Power | Torque | Dyno Chart |
---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | Cadillac CT6 | 237 hp (177 kW) @ 5000 rpm | 258 ft⋅lb (350 Northward⋅1000) @ 1500–4000 rpm | |
2019–nowadays | Cadillac XT4 | 237 hp (177 kW) @ 5000 rpm | 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @ 1500–4000 rpm | |
2019–present | Chevrolet Malibu Xl | 241 hp (180 kW) @ 5000 rpm | 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @ 1500–4000 rpm | |
2020–present | Buick GL8 Land Business organisation Edition (Chinese market place) | 237 hp (177 kW) @ 5000 rpm | 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅thousand) @ 1500–4000 rpm | |
2020–present | Buick GL8 ES (Chinese market) | 237 hp (177 kW) @ 5000 rpm | 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅1000) @ 1500–4000 rpm | |
2020–nowadays | Buick Lacrosse (Chinese market) | 233 hp (174 kW) @ 5000 rpm | 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @ 1500–4000 rpm | |
2020–nowadays | Buick Regal GS (Chinese market) | 237 hp (177 kW) @ 5000 rpm | 258 ft⋅lb (350 North⋅m) @ 1500–4000 rpm | |
2020–nowadays | Cadillac CT5 | 237 hp (177 kW) @ 5000 rpm | 258 ft⋅lb (350 Due north⋅m) @ 1500–4000 rpm | |
2020–present | Cadillac XT5 | 237 hp (177 kW) @ 5000 rpm | 258 ft⋅lb (350 Northward⋅1000) @ 1500–4000 rpm | |
2020–present | Cadillac XT6 | 237 hp (177 kW) @ 5000 rpm | 258 ft⋅lb (350 North⋅m) @ 1500–4000 rpm | |
2020–nowadays | Chevrolet Blazer | 230 hp (172 kW) @ 5000 rpm | 258 ft⋅lb (350 North⋅g) @ 1500–4000 rpm | |
2020–nowadays | GMC Acadia | 230 hp (172 kW) @ 5000 rpm | 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅thou) @ 1500–4000 rpm | |
2021–present | Buick Envision | 230 hp (172 kW) @ 5000 rpm | 258 ft⋅lb (350 Due north⋅1000) @ 1500–4000 rpm |
2.v [edit]
LCV [edit]
Commencement appearing in the 2013 Chevrolet Malibu and 2013 Cadillac ATS, the 2.5 L Gen III cake has been reworked to reduce engine noise and vibrations, while improving fuel economy and depression-end torque.[sixteen] [eighteen] [nineteen] LCV is scheduled to supervene upon the directly-injected 2.4 L throughout North American GM products inside a year.[20] Engine product started in April 2012 at GM'due south Tonawanda Engine plant.
The new combustion organization developed with GM'southward proprietary computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis software features a college pinch ratio which helps improve fuel efficiency and has improved knock resistance. The engine features dual overhead camshafts with continuously variable valve timing and increased-potency cam phasing (increased phase rotation angle), a high-pressure returnless direct-injection fuel organization with camshaft-driven fuel pump delivering 750 psi (52 bar) at idle and 2,250 psi (155 bar) at full load, higher-flowing intake and exhaust ports in the cylinder caput, electronic throttle control and pistons with jet-spray oil cooling. The engine redline is 7000 rpm.
The balance shafts are relocated from the cylinder block to oil pan module. The two-piece steel-aluminum oil pan features in-pan integrated oil-pump assembly driven past the balance shaft with a shorter inverted-tooth chain. Other improvements include inverted-molar chain driving the camshaft, forged steel crankshaft, bandage aluminum bedplate with main bearing cap inserts made of atomic number 26, high-pressure fuel track with rubber-isolated associates, acoustically shielded plastic comprehend for the intake manifold, and structurally enhanced aluminum camshaft cover and front comprehend. These improvements helped reduce noise intensity by 40% compared to the ii.4 Fifty engine and change the noise signature into a higher frequency above 2,000 Hz. The engine also uses a variable-displacement oil pump and an actively controlled thermostat. Directly injection reduces emissions by 25%, while continuous cam phasing eliminates the need for an EGR system. Maximum engine speed is listed at 7000 rpm.
Displacement for the 2.5 L engine is 2,457 cc with an 88.0 mm (3.46 in) diameter and 100.eight mm (iii.97 in) stroke. Compression ratio is 11.three:i.
Year(s) | Model | Power | Torque | Dyno Chart |
---|---|---|---|---|
2013–2016[21] | Cadillac ATS | 202 hp (150.69 kW) @ 6300 rpm | 191 ft⋅lb (259 N⋅m) @ 4400 rpm | link |
2013 | Chevrolet Malibu | 197 hp (146.96 kW) @ 6300 rpm | 191 ft⋅lb (259 Due north⋅m) @ 4400 rpm | |
2015–present | Chevrolet Colorado | 200 hp (149 kW) @ 6300 rpm | 191 ft⋅lb (259 Due north⋅m) @ 4400 rpm | link |
GMC Coulee | link | |||
2016 | Chevrolet Malibu Limited | 196 hp (146 kW) @ 6300 rpm | 186 ft⋅lb (252 Northward⋅yard) @ 4400 rpm | [22] |
2017–2020 | Buick Envision | 197 hp (147 kW) @ 6300 rpm | 192 ft⋅lb (260 Due north⋅m) @ 4400 rpm | |
2017 | Buick GL8 | 197 hp (147 kW) @ 6300 rpm | 186 ft⋅lb (252 Northward⋅m) @ 4400 rpm | |
2017–2021[23] | GMC Acadia | 194 hp (145 kW) @ 6300 rpm | 190 ft⋅lb (258 N⋅k) @ 4400 rpm | |
2019–2021[24] [25] | Chevrolet Blazer | 193 hp (144 kW) @ 6300 rpm | 188 ft⋅lb (255 N⋅m) @ 4400 rpm |
LKW [edit]
Same as the LCV but features Intake Valve Lift Control (IVLC) system provides ii-stage variable valve lift in addition to continuous variable timing. Continuously commanded by engine control unit of measurement, the valve rocker arm switches betwixt high-lift and low-lift profiles on the camshaft, actuated by an oil control valve through a ii-feed stationary hydraulic lash adjuster, allowing for either 4.0 or ten.5 mm elevator.[26] It also features a beginning-stop arrangement. Maximum engine speed is listed at 7000 rpm.
Year(s) | Model | Power | Torque | Dyno Chart |
---|---|---|---|---|
2014–2019 | Chevrolet Impala | 196–197 hp (146–147 kW) @ 6300 rpm | 186–191 ft⋅lb (252–259 Due north⋅m) @ 4400 rpm | link |
2014–2015 | Chevrolet Malibu | 196 hp (146 kW) @ 6300 rpm | 186 ft⋅lb (252 Northward⋅m) @ 4400 rpm | link |
2018– | Saleen S1 | 336 kW (457 PS; 451 hp) | 400 ft⋅lb (542 N⋅thousand) |
HCCI [edit]
At Tech Show Torino 2008, GM Powertrain Europe announced the ignition-less HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) mode of the directly injection version of ii.2 L engine.[27] HCCI version is equipped with two-step adjustable valve lift with variable cam phasing and advanced ECU with cylinder force per unit area sensors, uses lean burn cycle similar to that of a diesel fuel engine, and is claimed to further reduce fuel consumption by xv%.[28]
Run across also [edit]
- Family 0 engine
- Family 1 engine
- List of GM engines
References [edit]
- ^ "Ecotec Supercharged 2.0L I-four (LSJ) Car Engine". Archived from the original (DOC) on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "GM's Ecotec two.2-Liter 4-Cylinder Engine Delivers". The Auto Channel. Pontiac, Michigan. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
- ^ "2003 Saab 9-iii Sport Sedan – Press Release". saabworld.internet. 12 May 2016.
- ^ http://archives.media.gm.com/division/2005_prodinfo/powertrain/index.html. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
- ^ "検索結果: 2001年 スバル トラヴィック Sパッケージ" [Bang-up Automobile Pavilion: 2001 Subaru Traviq S-package]. Gazoo.com (in Japanese). Toyota Motor Corporation. Archived from the original on 2008-10-11. Retrieved 2012-05-22 .
- ^ Chris Shunk. "GM releases turbo upgrade kit for Solstice GXP, Heaven Redline and HHR SS". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 2012-01-24 .
- ^ "Big Power, Small Packet". AutoWeek . Retrieved April 4, 2006.
- ^ "2013 Buick Verano Turbo Debuts with 250 Horsepower". 11 June 2012.
- ^ "2012 Buick Imperial GS rated at 270 hp". Autoweek. 2011-06-fifteen. Retrieved 2012-01-24 .
- ^ "2008 Ecotec 2.2L I4 ( L61 )". Retrieved 30 July 2014.
- ^ "Why the 2010-2011 LE8 is more fuel effeciant and longevity is greater".
- ^ "Slingshot : Open up-air Roadster - 3 Wheel Motorcycle | Polaris".
- ^ "NAIAS 09: 2010 ECOTEC 2.4l SIDI". Gminsidenews.com. Retrieved 2012-01-24 .
- ^ Roth, Dan (2008-12-17). "DI FTW: GM unveils new direct-injection 2.4 L EcoTec and 3.0 L V6". autoblog.com . Retrieved 2008-12-17 .
- ^ "Buick Introduces The All-New 2012 Verano". Media.gm.com. 2011-01-06. Retrieved 2012-01-24 .
- ^ a b "New ii.0L Turbo Engine Gives the 2013 Chevrolet Malibu Enhanced Performance and Refinement". twenty September 2012.
- ^ "2019 Cadillac XT4 Crossover".
- ^ "New Ecotec 2.5L Engine More than Efficient, Refined and Powerful". 19 September 2011.
- ^ "All-New Ecotec two.5L Powers Chevrolet Malibu's Quest for Quietness". xix September 2011.
- ^ "Machine and Driver Blog » GM to Supersede 2.4-liter Fours with 2.5-liters Across the Range". web log.caranddriver.com. Archived from the original on 2012-01-13.
- ^ "2017 Cadillac ATS Drops Base 2.v-Liter I-4 Engine Option". 29 June 2016.
- ^ "GM Online Gild / Reference Guide".
- ^ "2022 GMC Acadia Ditches 2.5L Four-Cylinder Engine". GM Authority. iii May 2021. Retrieved 2021-05-fourteen .
- ^ "GM Considering Removing 2.5L Engine From Chevy Blazer". GM Authority. 27 March 2021. Retrieved 2021-05-14 .
- ^ "2022 Chevy Blazer To Lose L And 1LT Trim Levels". GM Say-so. 12 May 2021. Retrieved 2021-05-14 .
- ^ "2014 Impala Engine Gets a High-Tech Lift". 17 September 2012.
- ^ General Motors Europe (May 2008). "A Look Into the Future of Engines and Transmissions". CONTROLLED AUTO-IGNITION HCCI.
- ^ "HOMOGENEOUS Accuse Pinch IGNITION – HCCI". media.gm.com . Retrieved 30 July 2014.
- Larry Webster. "Getting Rid of the H-Word". Car and Driver (May 2000): 93.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_Ecotec_engine
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